About this site

Butch Paquette

Butch Paquette grew up in poverty, both physically and emotionally. In reform school from age 12 and then later in prison, he learned about crime and drugs. At one point in his life he planned to committ suicide. But as an adult, Butch found Jesus Christ who changed not only his eternal relationship with God, but also his entire outlook in this life.
Other pages in this section

About this site

Crossword
Crossword Puzzle Maker for Sunday School Teachers. Make any chapter of the Bible into a crossword puzzle in 3 clicks. (more)
Other pages in this section

About this site

Gospel Hall dot Org exists to share information about assemblies of Christians who gather to the Name of the Lord Jesus Christ, to raise awareness of the gospel message and teaching about Christian living in a New Testament Church.

FAQs

Can people in heaven see us? What do people in heaven do?

What does the Bible teach about the present condition awareness, and occupation of believers who have died?

Although the Bible does not take up this subject in detail, we can draw a number of conclusions:

   1. Believers in heaven are very happy (Revelation 14:13)." TARGET="_blank">Revelation 14:13).
   2. They are with Christ, beholding the One who loved them and gave Himself for them; they are far better off in such a wonderful place (Philippians 1:21, 23)." TARGET="_blank">Philippians 1:21, 23). They no longer have the flesh and the trial of suffering that so troubled them on earth (Romans 7:24," TARGET="_blank">Romans 7:24, 25a).
   3. They rest from their labors until the Rapture when they receive glorified bodies in which they will commence their eternal service for God (Revelation 14:13; 22:3, 4)." TARGET="_blank">Revelation 14:13; 22:3, 4).
   4. They recognize others and converse with one another (Luke 13:28;" TARGET="_blank">Luke 13:28; Matthew 17:4;" TARGET="_blank">Matthew 17:4; Luke 16:24)." TARGET="_blank">Luke 16:24).

A. Joyce

Other pages in this section

About this site

Can people come back from the dead to talk to us?

Recently a friend asked about a message he heard from a church where the preacher claimed he asked God to take his life and let him visit the other side of death for the purpose of returning to tell his congregation what awaits on the other side.

The result was that the pastor saw certain members of his congregation suffering in hell because of certain errors in their life. Does God allow his servants to come back to life to warn others of dangers ahead?

Rather than debate whether or not God is capable of resurrecting a person (which of course he has done in the past and will do again in the future), it is wise to look into the scripture to see whether God will resurrect someone for the purpose of preaching to others.

Luke 16" TARGET="_blank">Luke 16 is quite clear about this situation. Lazarus and his rich friend both have died. Lazarus is in heaven and the rich man in hell. The rich man asks for Lazarus to go back to his house and warn his brothers not to come to this awful place. Abraham refuses to send Lazarus because the brothers already have the Bible at their disposal – “Moses and the prophets.” God uses his word to warn people, not appearances of dead people.

Luke 16:25-31" TARGET="_blank">Luke 16:25-31 But Abraham said, 'Child, remember that you in your lifetime received your good things, and Lazarus in like manner bad things; but now he is comforted here, and you are in anguish. (26) And besides all this, between us and you a great chasm has been fixed, in order that those who would pass from here to you may not be able, and none may cross from there to us.' (27) And he said, 'Then I beg you, father, to send him to my father's house-- (28) for I have five brothers--so that he may warn them, lest they also come into this place of torment.' (29) But Abraham said, 'They have Moses and the Prophets; let them hear them.' (30) And he said, 'No, father Abraham, but if someone goes to them from the dead, they will repent.' (31) He said to him, 'If they do not hear Moses and the Prophets, neither will they be convinced if someone should rise from the dead.'"

Also consider that God has already warned us about hell in his word. If a messenger from beyond the grave would return to tell us about his experience, it should be exactly as Jesus described in Luke 16" TARGET="_blank">Luke 16 which makes the messenger unnecessary. If the witness tells of details that do not agree with the Bible, he is a false messenger and should be rejected.

We are not left to imagine what might be the final end of a person in Hell. Revelation 20:11-15" TARGET="_blank">Revelation 20:11-15 tells us that every one dead in sins will be raised, judged and then hurled into the Lake of Fire.

Additionally to this example, prayer directed toward the dead is strictly forbidden. Deuteronomy 18:11" TARGET="_blank">Deuteronomy 18:11 says that anyone who “consults with the dead” is “detestable to the Lord.” King Saul went to a witch to talk to the departed spirit of the prophet Samuel which lead to his death “because he was unfaithful to the LORD; he did not keep the word of the LORD and even consulted a medium for guidance” (1 Samuel 28:1-25;" TARGET="_blank">1 Samuel 28:1-25; 1 Chronicles 10:13-14)." TARGET="_blank">1 Chronicles 10:13-14).

Shad Sluiter
Other pages in this section

About this site

Why did God speak through dreams?

Why has God communicated His message through dreams?

In general, God communicated truth through dreams when the Scriptures were not completed. In the future, He will also communicate through dreams to Israel, a nation which seeks signs (Matthew 12:39;" TARGET="_blank">Matthew 12:39; 1 Corinthians 1:22)" TARGET="_blank">1 Corinthians 1:22) and whose language is like Thomas’, "Except I shall see..., I will not believe" (John 20:25)." TARGET="_blank">John 20:25). Perhaps all recorded dreams relate to God’s earthly purposes for Israel and unfold His immediate plans. This may suggest another reason for God’s instantaneous communication by dreams to a completely passive (sleeping) individual.

God links dreams with prophecy: "Your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions" (Joel 2:28)." TARGET="_blank">Joel 2:28). This will have its fulfillment during Daniel’s seventieth week ("the Tribulation"), when events in the prophetic Scriptures will unfold. No additional truth will be revealed, because the canon of Scripture is complete (2 Timothy 3:16, 17;" TARGET="_blank">2 Timothy 3:16, 17; Revelation 22:18);" TARGET="_blank">Revelation 22:18); instead, with prophetic authority, these "dreamers" will use language similar to Peter’s in Acts 2:16," TARGET="_blank">Acts 2:16, "This is that which was spoken by the prophet Joel." These dreams will not reveal new truth, but the fulfillment of what was previously revealed.

Solomon explains the normal source of dreams, "A dream cometh through the multitude of business," or, as a less literal translation (TCV) says, "Bad dreams come from too much worrying" (Ecclesiastes 5:3)." TARGET="_blank">Ecclesiastes 5:3). Most dreams, then, are an expression of the individual’s thoughts, happy or sad, optimistic or pessimistic, worrisome or encouraging. Dreams tell us more about ourselves than about God. Even dreams in which God speaks to the unconverted (Job 33:15)" TARGET="_blank">Job 33:15) may result from thoughts stirred by the Spirit during waking hours. Such dreams do not reveal truth, but impress it on the sinner.

D. Oliver
Other pages in this section

About this site

What time of day should the church celebrate the Lord's Supper?

Why is the Lord’s Supper kept on Lord’s Day morning when according to the Book it was always celebrated in the evening?

The hour for the observance of the Passover was definitely laid down by Jehovah. It was to be “in the evening” ( Exodus12:6)," TARGET="_blank">Exodus12:6), but no such order is given for the celebration of the Supper. No doubt, our Lord instituted His supper at the close of the paschal feast, but He neither enforces the time on the Apostle, nor does Paul in 1 Corinthians 11" TARGET="_blank">1 Corinthians 11: . When he reminds the Corinthian saints that it was “the same night that He was betrayed” that our Lord took the bread, etc., the emphasis seems clearly on the proximity to His betrayal, rather than to the fact that it was eventide. In other words, it was not the time of day, but the time in relation to what was to follow.

Christianity is not a system worked on a time-table, like Judaism—”Ye observe days and months and times and years” (Galatians 4:10)." TARGET="_blank">Galatians 4:10). Certain ceremonialists are intensely occupied with the time of the observance, the colour, etc., of the bread (it must not be white, and it must be unleavened!), the kind of wine (it must be “unfermented”). But this verges at best on a mechanical imitation. One wonders why these good folk do not insist on reclining on couches, as no doubt our Lord and His disciples did, or at any rate observing the Lord’s supper on the very day He instituted it. Nothing we can make in the way of bread or wine could adequately represent the holiness or purity of Christ. To interpret the leaven of the Old Testament by literal leaven is not an intelligent understanding of the types. An Old Testament type refers to a New Testament reality. No, we are not to examine the table to see if there be any leaven or “ferment” thereon, but ourselves, lest there be any old leaven of wickedness in us, or malice or untruth.

The early disciples may always have broken bread in the evening, but if so, it was for convenience sake (as they were working all Lord’s Day, as all other days), and that is quite have never heard that any teaching is supposed to depend on evening communion. But how the legal mind of man loves to enforce its enactments on all! “Stand fast in the liberty wherewith Christ hath madç us free and be not entangled again in the yoke of bondage,” and if men insist on legislating where the Word of God does not, let us not follow them or be moved by them.

W.H.

Other pages in this section

About this site

What is the role of an elder in a local assembly?

What is the role of an elder in a local assembly?

Peter gives three responsibilities: "Feed the flock . . . taking the oversight . . . being ensamples" (1 Peter 5:1-3)." TARGET="_blank">1 Peter 5:1-3).

"Feeding" the flock translates the verb, to shepherd or tend. The Lord distinguishes between feeding and tending sheep in His post-resurrection interview with Peter (John 20:15-18)." TARGET="_blank">John 20:15-18). He gave Peter the responsibility of feeding His lambs (v 15) and His sheep (v 17). Using a different word, He also entrusted to Peter the shepherding of those sheep (v 16). Judging from Psalm 23," TARGET="_blank">Psalm 23, shepherding means providing for every (spiritual) need (v 1). The shepherd provides rest for the sheep in the "green pastures" of God’s Word (v 2, 1 Timothy 5:17" TARGET="_blank">1 Timothy 5:17b, 1 Thessalonians 5:13" TARGET="_blank">1 Thessalonians 5:13b). He refreshes (Psalm 23:2" TARGET="_blank">Psalm 23:2b, Philemon 1:7)" TARGET="_blank">Philemon 1:7) them "by still waters." He restores and leads them in right ways (Psa 23:3), reassures them by his presence (v 4), and fosters fellowship ("a table," v 5), a refuge from their enemies. He honors each one with respect (v 5b with Luke 7:46)" TARGET="_blank">Luke 7:46) and the abundance of his care causes God’s people to rejoice (Psa 23:5c).

"Taking the oversight" means he "diligently looks" (same word in Hebrews 12:15)" TARGET="_blank">Hebrews 12:15) at the sheep to know their condition (Pro 27:23" TARGET="_blank">Pro 27:23a), and he watches for enemies that will destroy the flock (Acts 20:29)." TARGET="_blank">Acts 20:29).

"Being examples" (ESV) bears a similar thought as the word "rule" (1 Timothy 5:17," TARGET="_blank">1 Timothy 5:17, 1 Th 5:12,)," TARGET="_blank">1 Th 5:12,), which means to be "set before" or leading so as to protect and care for others. So the elder is responsible to lead by example. His worthy walk will draw others to follow him and be guarded by righteousness (Proverbs 10:2" TARGET="_blank">Proverbs 10:2b).

The elder, then, is to feed, heed, and lead the flock.

D. Oliver
Other pages in this section

About this site

What is the best selling Bible translation (verion) in the United States?

What is the best-selling Bible version in the USA?

Answer: The NIV.

Interesting trends: Shown below are sales rankings realeased by the Christian Booksellers Association for the years 2011, 2009 and 2006.

The Reina Valera 1960 (RVR 1960) moves up to number 6 from 10th place in 2006.

The English Standard Version (ESV) was first published in 2001 and currently holds fifth place in unit sales.

March 2011

Bible Translations - Based on Dollar Sales

1 New International Version various publishers - NIV
2 King James Version various publishers - KJV
3 New King James Version various publishers - NKJV
4 New Living Translation Tyndale - NLT
5 English Standard Version Crossway - ESV
6 Holman Christian Standard Bible B&H Publishing Group - HCSB
7 New American Standard Bible update various publishers - NASB
8 The Message Eugene Peterson, NavPress -
9 Reina Valera 1960 (Spanish) American Bible Society and licensees - RVR 1960
10 Amplified Bible Zondervan

March 2011
Bible Translations - Based on Unit Sales

1 New International Version various publishers
2 New Living Translation Tyndale
3 King James Version various publishers
4 New King James Version various publishers
5 English Standard Version Crossway
6 Reina Valera 1960 (Spanish) American Bible Society and licensees
7 H olman Christian Standard Bible B&H Publishing Group
8 The Message Eugene Peterson, NavPress
9 New American Standard Bible update various publishers
10 Other Translations

2009
Bible Translations - Based on Dollar Sales

   1. New International Version
   2. New King James Version
   3. King James Version
   4. New Living Translation
   5. English Standard Version
   6. Holman Christian Standard Bible
   7. New American Standard Bible updated
   8. The Message
   9. New International Readers Version
10. Today’s New International Version

2009
Bible Translations - Based on Unit Sales

   1. New International Version
   2. King James Version
   3. New King James Version
   4. New Living Translation
   5. English Standard Version
   6. Holman Christian Standard Bible
   7. The Message
   8. New International Readers Version
   9. New American Standard Bible updated
10. Reina Valera 1960 (Spanish)

2006 - Based on Unit Sales

   1. New International Version
   2. New King James Version
   3. King James Version
   4. New Living Translation
   5. English Standard Version
   6. Reina Valera 1960 (Spanish)
   7. Holman Christian Standard Bible
   8. New American Standard Bible updated
   9. The Message
10. New International Readers Version

Other pages in this section

About this site

What guidance does God

What guidance does God’s Word give on the role of an elder’s wife?

Although Paul gives qualities requisite in the wives of deacons (1 Timothy 3:11)," TARGET="_blank">1 Timothy 3:11), he does not do the same for overseers’ wives. Some biblical principles do provide guidance for her role, however.

When the Lord entrusted responsibility for subduing and having dominion over the earth, He gave it to them, the male and female (Genesis 1:28)," TARGET="_blank">Genesis 1:28), Adam and Eve. When that work began, Adam received the responsibility for tilling the garden, the commandment about what to eat, and the work of naming the animals (2:15, 16, 19, 20). It was not "good" for Adam to "be alone" in this, so the Lord made Eve (v18). Together, they were responsible for the work, but Adam carried out the work and Eve completed him in doing it.

An overseer’s wife, therefore, is an integral part of a unit that shares in overseeing the believers. Her husband does the work and she completes, supports, and enables him in this responsibility. She may have to help him make time for his work, and that will often mean sacrificing time she would enjoy with him. She will greatly enable him by living the Christian standards of God’s Word and seeking grace from the Lord to exemplify the qualities of a Christian wife. She may also help her husband by accompanying him when he gives spiritual counsel to assembly sisters. The overseers may ask her to assist them by dealing directly with a sister whose problem involves sensitive issues, difficult for men to address. At times, an elder’s wife may be able to provide insights that her husband’s male perspective lacks.

She will, at times, recognize that some matters her husband is handling must remain confidential and he is wise to keep them from her so as not to prejudice or overburden her. In any event, all she knows about her husband’s work is to remain between her and her husband. Information about oversight matters should never come from an overseer’s wife. Communicating such matters is his (or the oversight’s) responsibility, not hers.

D. Oliver
Other pages in this section

About this site

How are Psalm 22 and Psalm 24 related?

Is Psalm 24" TARGET="_blank">Psalm 24 the outcome of Psalm 22," TARGET="_blank">Psalm 22, when the Lord Jesus defeated Satan at the cross or is it the ascension and the Lord's arrival back in heaven.?

I would say without hesitation that Psalm 24" TARGET="_blank">Psalm 24 is the outcome of Psalm 22," TARGET="_blank">Psalm 22, but there is a difference. I have no doubt that the Lord Jesus defeated the strong man, Satan, at Calvary, and what a victory that was! In this trilogy of Psalms we have precious truths. Psalm 22" TARGET="_blank">Psalm 22 is the Sacrifice, the cross; Psalm 23" TARGET="_blank">Psalm 23 is the Shepherd, the crook; Psalm 24" TARGET="_blank">Psalm 24 is the Sovereign, the crown.

However, the victory of Psalm 24" TARGET="_blank">Psalm 24 is not primarily the defeat of Satan at the cross. The Lord from Bethany went back to heaven (Luke 24:50, 51)" TARGET="_blank">Luke 24:50, 51) and did not require to demand entrance into heaven but was welcomed with these soul stirring words from His Father, "Sit on My right hand, until I make Thine enemies Thy footstool" (Hebrews 1:13)." TARGET="_blank">Hebrews 1:13). Psalm 24" TARGET="_blank">Psalm 24 is not His reception into heaven but His entrance into the city where He was rejected, crowned with thorns and crucified. That day lies in the future and beyond the rapture of the Church. He will come to the air for His Spouse; He will return to the earth for His Scepter. They refused Him His throne at His first coming, but the purposes of God can never be overthrown, and our Lord Jesus shall reign "from the river unto the ends of the earth." We, as the people of God, should be like David's mighty men who shared his rejection with words of deepest consecration, "Thine are we, David, and on thy side, thou son of Jesse." This was the language of loyalty in the dark days of his rejection and they looked forward to the day of his coronation. May we also recognize we are members of His Body and subjects in His coming kingdom!

S .Maxwell (September 1989)

Other pages in this section

About this site

Free Online Bible Dictionary

The free online Bible dictionary section is part of the online bible program at Gospel Hall dot org. In addition to the free online bible dictionary there are also free online Bible commentaries and online concordances. The free online bible dictionary selection is available along with the concordances under the link to the left titled "Online Bible Search" or here.

Instructions for the Free Online Bible Dictionary

1. Select the link Online Bible Search.

2. You may ignore the top section of the page if you are interested only in the free online bible dictionary.

3. In the section titled "Dictionary Search" type in a key name or phrase that is found in the bible. For example, the online dictionaries are likely to have definitions for terms such as "Grace" or "Sin". The online dictionary also has information regarding Bible places such as "Jerusalem" or "Egypt".

4. Select one of the online dictionaries from the dropdown list. The list of free online bible dictionaries includes the American Tract Dictionary, Easton's Bible Dictionary, the International Bible Encyclopedia, Torreye's Topic Index, Thompson's Chain Reference Bible, and Vine's Greek Dictionary of New Testament Words.

5. Finally, click the "Go" button to search for your term.

6. You may also browse the online dictionaries by each letter of the alphabet in the last search box on the page.

About the Free Online Bible Dictionary (ies)

All of the free online Bible Dictionaries are in the public domain. That is, they passed out of copyright protection after the 75 year period of time since original publish date.

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary - The American Tract Society (ATS) is a publishing organization that publishes evangelistic Christian literature. It was founded on May 11, 1825 in New York City for the dissemination of Christian literature in leaflet form and was a strong supporter of the temperance movement. It soon took rank with the American Bible Society. By 1851 it had distributed about 5,000,000 temperance tracts. The ATS is currently headquartered in Garland, Texas. It produces tracts, e-tracts, digitracts, and books. Over the years, ATS has produced many millions of pieces of literature.

Easton's Bible Dictionary - Easton's Bible Dictionary generally refers to the Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition, by Matthew George Easton M.A., D.D. (1823-1894), published three years after Easton's death in 1897 by Thomas Nelson. Because of its age, it is now a public domain resource. Despite its name, many of the entries in Easton's are encyclopedic in nature, though there are short, dictionary-like entries. It contains nearly 4,000 entries.

The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1915) is a public domain Biblical encyclopedia. This encyclopedia was published by Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Hailed for its authoritative explanations of every significant word, person, and place in the Bible and Apocrypha, it is the standard by which all other Biblical encyclopedias are measured. In contains articles by nearly 200 scholars about archaeological discoveries, the language and literature of Bible lands, customs, family life, occupations, and the historical and religious environments of Bible people.

Torrey's Topical Textbook is a reference book or concordance for topics found in the Holy Bible. It contains subject index guides to topics found throughout the scriptures. The work contains 628 entries and over 20,000 scripture references. It was published long enough ago that the original edition is believed to be out of copyright, but the exact year of publication is not known from sources cited here. Reverend R.A. Torrey was known for his prolific writings on religious subjects including Methods of Bible Study

The Thompson Chain-Reference system was devised by its namesake, Dr. Frank C. Thompson, in the early 1900s. Dr. Thompson was a young preacher in the late 1800s. He became dissatisfied with the reference Bibles that were then available to preachers.

Dr. Thompson believed the Bible should be presented in a simple, but scholarly way. He saw the need for a well-organized reference Bible that would be of practical use to the layman as well as a minister. In 1890, Dr. Thompson began the work he would continue for the rest of his life. He completed the "thought suggestions" opposite the verses throughout the Bible. These are what became the "chain-links" that are the heart of the Thompson system. Some of the men in Dr. Thompson's church saw his Bible and told him this would be a great help to them in their Bible study too. They encouraged Dr. Thompson to have his Bible, with marginal references, published so that everyone could enjoy the blessing of this helpful study tool.[1]
The first version of Thompson's study Bible was published in 1908 by the Methodists Book Concern of Dobbs Ferry, New York. Five years later, in 1913, Dr. Thompson was joined by B.B. Kirkbride, of Indianapolis, Indiana. The two men formed the Kirkbride Bible Company, in order to further improve and distribute Thompson's work.

The original Thompson Chain-Reference Bible, as well as several subsequent versions, were based on the King James Bible. Currently, editions based on the King James Version, New King James Version, New International Version and New American Standard Bible are available, as well as electronic versions that incorporate other features.

As of 2006, there have been more than 4,000,000 Thompson Chain-Reference Bibles sold.

Vine's Expository Dictionary is a reference guide to Old Testament Hebrew and New Testament Greek words for English readers. Some versions of the work only contain Greek word definitions. It explains King James Version words in an original Greek in context. It provides the meaning of the word in a proper context of Greek background. For example: In English Bible, there is only one word for "love" but in NT Greek, there are four (two being used the mostly). Therefore Vines fills the gap between English Bible and Greek NT nicely and effectively. It provides the definition of a word (KJV word) more accurately than the English dictionary because it uses Greek use of the word. For example: The word, "godliness (1Tim. 2:2)" TARGET="_blank">1Tim. 2:2)" in Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary is defined as "1: Divine 2: pious, devout -" but in Vines, it defines it as " 'to be devout,' denotes that piety which characterized by a Godward attitude, does that which is well-pleasing to Him." It provides fuller meaning of the word by explaining how the word is used in the NT. It can be used with Strongs concordance. Every word is numbered with Strong's number so you can use it more efficiently.

WHEN U.S. WORKS PASS INTO THE PUBLIC DOMAIN

By Lolly Gasaway University of North Carolina

Definition: A public domain work is a creative work that is not protected by copyright and which may be freely used by everyone. The reasons that the work is not protected include: (1) the term of copyright for the work has expired; (2) the author failed to satisfy statutory formalities to perfect the copyright or (3) the work is a work of the U.S. Government.

DATE OF WORK	PROTECTED FROM	TERM
Created 1-1-78 or after	When work is fixed in tangible medium of expression	Life + 70 years¹(or if work of corporate authorship, the shorter of 95 years from publication, or 120 years from creation²
Published before 1923	In public domain	None
Published from 1923 - 63	When published with notice³	28 years + could be renewed for 47 years, now extended by 20 years for a total renewal of 67 years. If not so renewed, now in public domain
Published from 1964 - 77	When published with notice	28 years for first term; now automatic extension of 67 years for second term
Created before 1-1-78 but not published	1-1-78, the effective date of the 1976 Act which eliminated common law copyright	Life + 70 years or 12-31-2002, whichever is greater
Created before 1-1-78 but published between then and 12-31-2002	1-1-78, the effective date of the 1976 Act which eliminated common law copyright	Life + 70 years or 12-31-2047 whichever is greater

1 Term of joint works is measured by life of the longest-lived author.
2 Works for hire, anonymous and pseudonymous works also have this term. 17 U.S.C. § 302(c).
3 Under the 1909 Act, works published without notice went into the public domain upon publication. Works published without notice between 1-1-78 and 3-1-89, effective date of the Berne Convention Implementation Act, retained copyright only if efforts to correct the accidental omission of notice was made within five years, such as by placing notice on unsold copies. 17 U.S.C. § 405. (Notes courtesy of Professor Tom Field, Franklin Pierce Law Center and Lolly Gasaway)

LOLLY GASAWAY Last updated 11-04-03
Chart may be freely duplicated or linked to for nonprofit purposes.No permission needed.
Please include web address on all reproductions of chart so recipients know where to find
any updates.

Other pages in this section

About this site

Other pages in this section

About this site

[ Back ]

Main Menu

Free Online Bible Dictionary

About the Free Online Bible Dictionary (ies)